Introduction : Compared to males, females traditionally have been considered less sexually strategic because their relative gain from competitive reproductive tactics and strategies has been thought to be evolutionarily insignificant. Recently, it has become increasingly clear that the variation in female reproductive success, if lower than in their male counterparts, may be sufficient to have evolutionary consequences. Females can influence their reproductive success through a variety of behavioral tactics and strategies such as competition over access to mates and access to other resources contributing to inclusive fitness (e.g., food or helpers). In addition, females can interfere with the reproduction of others, thereby gaining immediate or future benefits, the so-called return benefit spite hypothesis. Further, males have been observed to show mate selectivity, suggesting that female quality varies. Thus, the traditional focus on male intrasexual competition and female intersexual choice can be complemented by female-female competition and male mate choice. Intrasexual reproductive competition can be expressed by choices made in one’s own lifetime as well as by the influence on or restriction of choices in the lives of others. Ultimately, both modes of competition may have reproductive benefits. The benefits of each option may vary according to an individual’s position or role in a certain social condition. Just as for males, the reproductive choices made by females should vary according to individual characteristics such as age and physical condition (e.g., nutritional or reproductive state), and several studies have shown that female dominance rank may influence lifetime reproductive success. We can expect that dominant individuals or the dominant sex will be less constrained in the expression of reproductive competitive tactics and strategies. By this reasoning, female bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide an interesting case for studying interference strategies. First, female bonobos can dominate males so that the expression of female intrasexual competition is expected to be less constrained by the opposite sex. Second, dominance hierarchies are clearly measurable among female bonobos. While dominance relations in chimpanzee females (Pan troglodytes) are much less pronounced, interfemale competition has nonetheless been shown to have important reproductive consequences in this sister species as well, and dominant female chimpanzees may use infanticide as a strategy to influence other females’ reproductive successes.